What is TRANSISTOR?

TRANSISTOR

A three lead semiconductor device that acts as:

• an electrically controlled switch, or
• a current amplifier.

• Transistor is analogous to a faucet.

• Turning faucet’s control knob alters the flow rate of water coming out from the faucet.
• A small voltage/current applied at transistor’s control lead controls a larger current flow through its other two leads.

 

Transistor Types: BJT, JFET, and MOSFET

• Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

• NPN and PNP

• Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)

• N-channel and P-channel

• Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET)

Depletion type (n- and p-channel) and enhancement type (n- and p-channel)

                          BJT                JFET            MOSFET

BJT Types

• NPN and PNP.

• NPN: a small input current and a positive voltage applied @ its base (with VB>VE) allows a large current to flow from collector to emitter.
• PNP: a small output current and a negative voltage @ its base (with VB<VE) allows a much larger current to flow from emitter to collector.

 

NPN BJT: How it works —I

• When no voltage is applied at transistor’s base, electrons in the emitter are prevented from passing to the collector side because of the pn junction.

• If a negative voltage is applied to the base, things get even worse as the pn junction between the base and emitter becomes reversebiased resulting in the formation of a depletion region that prevents current flow.

 

NPN BJT: How it works —II

• If a positive voltage (>0.6V) is applied to the base of an npn transistor, the pn junction between the base and emitter becomes forward-biased. During forward bias, escaping electrons are drawn to the positive base.

• Some electrons exit through the base, but because the p-type base is so thin, the onslaught of electrons that leave the emitter get close enough to the collector side that they begin jumping into the collector. Increasing the base voltage increases the emitter-to collector electron flow.

• Recall, positive current flow is in the direction opposite to the electron flow current flows from collector to emitter.

BJT Water Analogy

 

 NPN (VB > VE)

 

PNP (VB < VE)

NPN Transistor in a Complete Circuit —I

•Normally OFF.

•No current passes from collector to emitter when base is not activated.

 

NPN: VB = VE→OFF

NPN Transistor in a Complete Circuit —II

• When VB > VE we have an operating circuit.

• Current passes from collector to emitter when base is activated.

 

NPN: VB > VE→ ON

Transistor Experiment —LED On/Off

• Turning the switch on/off turns the LED on/off.

 

JFET

• Junction field effect transistors like BJTs are three lead semiconductor devices.

• JFETs are used as:

• electrically controlled switches,
• current amplifiers, and
• voltage-controlled resistors.

• Unlike BJTs, JFETs do not require a bias current and are controlled by using only a voltage.

• JFETs are normally on when VG - VS = 0.

• When VG - VS ≠ 0, then JFETs become resistive to current flow through the drain-source pair → “JFETs are depletion devices.”

JFET Types

• Two types of JFETs:

• n-channel and p-channel.

• In n-channel JFET, a –ve voltage applied @ its gate (with VG < VS) reduces current flow from drain to source. It operates with VD > VS.

• In p-channel JFET, a +ve voltage applied @ its gate (with VG > VS) reduces current flow from source to drain. It operates with VS > VD.

• JFETs have very high input impedance and draw little or no input current – → if there is any circuit/component connected to the gate of a JFET, no current is drawn away from or sunk into this circuit.

 

MOSFET

• Metal oxide semiconductor FET.

• Similar to JFET.

• A metal oxide insulator is placed @ the gate to obtain a high input impedance @ the

gate

• gate input impedance approx. 1014Ω.

• Use of insulator as described above yields a low gate-to-channel capacitance.

• If too much static electricity builds up on the gate, then the MOSFET may be damaged.

MOSFET Types

• Enhancement type:

• Normally off, thus no current flows through drain-source channel when VG = VS.
• When a voltage applied @ the gate causes VG ≠ VS the drain-source channel reduces resistance to current flow.

• Depletion type:

• Normally on, thus maximum current flows through drain-source channel when VG = VS.
• When a voltage applied @ the gate causes VG ≠ VS the drain-source channel increases resistance to current flow.

what is DIODE?

DIODE

• A diode is a 2 lead semiconductor that acts as a one way gate to electron flow.
• Diode allows current to pass in only one direction.
• A pn-junction diode is formed by joining together n-type and p-type silicon.
• In practice, as the n-type Si crystal is being grown, the process is abruptly altered to grow p-type Si crystal. Finally, a glass or plastic coating is placed around the joined crystal.
• The p-side is called anode and the n-side is called cathode.
• When the anode and cathode of a pn-junction diode are connected to external voltage such that the potential at anode is higher than the potential at cathode, the diode is said to be forward biased.
• In a forward-biased diode current is allowed to flow through the device.
• When potential at anode is smaller than the potential at cathode, the diode is said to be reverse biased. In a reverse-biased diode current is blocked.

Water Analogy of diodes

• When water pressure on left overcomes the restoring force of spring, the gate is opened and water is allowed to flow.
• When water pressure is from right to left, the gate is pressed against the solid stop and no water is allowed to flow.
• Spring restoring force is analogous to 0.6V needed to forward bias a Si diode.

Diode: How it Works —I

• When a diode is connected to a battery as shown, electrons from the n-side and holes from the p-side are forced toward the center by the electrical field supplied by the battery. The electrons and holes combine causing the current to pass through the diode. When a diode is arranged in this way, it is said to be forwardbiased.

Diode: How it Works—II

• A diode’s one-way gate feature does not work all the time.
• Typically for silicon diodes, an applied voltage of 0.6V or greater is needed, otherwise, the diode will not conduct.
• This feature is useful in forming a voltage-sensitive switch.
• I-V characteristics for silicon and germanium diodes is shown below.

Diode: How it doesn’t work

• When a diode is connected to a battery as shown, holes in the nside are forced to the left while electrons in the p-side are forced to the right. This results in an empty zone around the pn- junction that is free of charge carries creating a depletion region.This depletion region acts as an insulator preventing current from flowing through the diode. When a diode is arranged in this way, it is said to be reversebiased.

Diode Applications —Half Wave Rectifier

• Diode converts ac input voltage to a pulsed dc output voltage.
• Whenever the ac input becomes negative at diode’s anode, the diode blocks current flow.
• o/p voltage become zero.
• Diode introduces a 0.6V drop so o/p peak is 0.6V smaller than the i/p peak.
• The o/p frequency is same as the i/p frequency.

Diode Applications —Full Wave Rectifier

• A full-wave rectifier does not block negative swings in the i/p voltage, rather it transforms them into positive swings at the o/p.
• To gain an understanding of device operation, follow current flow through pairs of diodes in the bridge circuit.
• It is easily seen that one pair (D3-Rout-D2) allows current flow during the +ve half cycle of Vin while the other pair (D4-Rout-D1) allows current flow during the -ve half cycle of Vin.
• o/p voltage peak is 1.2V below the i/p voltage peak.
• The o/p frequency is twice the i/p frequency.

Diode Applications —AC2DC Power Supply

• An AC2DC power supply is built using a transformer and a full-wave rectifier.
• Transformer is used to step down the voltage i/p.
• Rectifier converts AC to pulsed DC.
• A filter capacitor is used to smooth out the pulses.
• Capacitor must be large enough to store sufficient charge so as to provide a steady current supply to the load:

 

f is rectified signal’s frequency (120Hz).