AUTOMATED TOLL PLAZA USING RFID AND GSM

AUTOMATED TOLL PLAZA USING RFID AND GSM

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research paper is to illustrate the convenience and versatility of an automatic toll plaza system using RFID technology and its advantages over toll plazas using other techniques. With the number of vehicles increasing every year, the time and fuel wasted on waiting at the toll plazas is ever increasing. Automatic toll plazas can eliminate this wastage of time, fuel and enhance the vehicle security by providing a host of other features such as sending a text message to the registered mobile number of the owner, displaying the information about the vehicle on the display in addition to automatic opening and closing of the barricade. The toll is deducted from the vehicle owner’s prepaid account. A 125 KHz RFID reader is used for detecting the passive tags by the reader module. The motor for the barricade, on-site LCD display and GSM modules have been interfaced with the microcontroller (ATMega328). This system will cut down time and fuel wastage at the manually controlled toll plazas, provide a layer of security because the SMS sent and will ensure a smoother travel experience for the travelers.

Key words:-  ATMega328, GSM, LCD, RFID, Toll Plaza

INTRODUCTION

The project mainly focuses on the Automation of the Toll Plazas for smoother movement of the traffic to in turn benefit the people by saving their time and money. Suppose the manual toll collection system is very efficient, then Time taken by 1 vehicle at the plaza = 60 sec (approx.) Time taken by 1 vehicle/year = 60 X 365 = 21900 sec = 6 hours Suppose 10000 vehicles are passing through a toll plaza 60000 fuel hours get wasted per year and thus equivalent amount of fuel. By making the toll plaza fully automatic using the RFID technology, the cars can pass through the plaza at around 55 mph i.e. 86 kmph. The time and fuel wastage can be drastically brought under control by this. We here, are interfacing the RFID receiver to the microcontroller. The receiver is Active and the RFID tags are passive. The receiver will be fixed at the toll plaza constantly trying to search for the tag. As soon as the tag comes in the range of the receiver, the unique code from the tag is identified by the receiver and transmitted serially to the microcontroller.

The controller then matches the unique code to the Central Database and checks if the owner of the tag is in good standing with respect to the balance in his account. Stipulated price of the toll will be deducted from his account. Hence a complete cashless operation is made possible. Then an SMS will be sent to the owner using the GSM module about how much money has been debited from his account OR if there is insufficient balance. Moreover, the owner will be sent the information regarding the location of the toll plaza from where the vehicle has passed. In this way he will get a warning to maintain sufficient balance in his account and also be able to track his vehicle in case of theft. Also as he passes the portal he will be able to see his details on site on the LCD on site. Accordingly, if the toll is paid properly the gate will automatically open for him.

LITERATURE SURVEY

In [1], the automation of toll plaza has been done based on image processing. ANPR (Automatic Number Plate Recognition) system has been employed which uses a camera to capture the number plate of the vehicle and deducts the toll by matching it with the owner database. In [2], the system is based on infrared sensors. In this, the user has to get the IR transmitter from the main toll office. The transmitter will be charged by the store office and the data of the user will be stored in the microcontroller. When the car arrives at the toll plaza the user will have to mount the transmitter on the car and press a button to turn it on. It must be in the line of sight of the receiver. The receiver will confirm the data from the transmitter with the database and the amount of toll will get deducted. It uses a stepper motor for gate control. In [3] also the system is based on the RFID technology. The controller used is PIC 18F4550 and has been connected with the system using USB. The RFID receiver senses the tag coming in its range and the amount gets deducted from the account of the owner after all the related information is checked from the database. The IR senses the vehicle motion for controlling the opening and closing of the gate. A stepper motor is used to control the gate. The rest of the references mentioned below have also employed the RFID technology and the working is quite similar to [3] except the database creation methods. The authors have put the GSM interfacing in their future scopes which we have implemented in our project.

System Design And Implementation

Figure 1: Block Diagram of the system

 

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram

The major components of the gate control system are as follows:

• ATMega328PU microcontroller
• EM-18 (RFID reader module)
• SIM900 (GSM module)
• DC Motor with driver(L293D)
• LCD display
• Power supply unit

1. ATmega328-PU μC:

Features: 28 Pin I/O RESET Pin NO. 1 (ACTIVE LOW) Crystal Pins at 9-10 PIN Software Declarable Serial Ports We have selected this controller because it has programmable UARTs required for both RFID and GSM modules.

2. EM-18 (RFID reader module):

Features: Operating Distance – 10cm Operating Voltage – 5V Operating Frequency – 125 KHz Current Consumption - <50 mA This is the stationary Active RFID receiver module situated at the toll plaza. It continuously keeps monitoring for the RFID tags. As soon as the tag comes in the range of the receiver, the buzzer on the module gives an indicative beep and sends the data serially to the microcontroller.

3. SIM900 (GSM module):

Features:

• Quad-Band GSM/GPRS 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 MHz
• Built in RS232 Level Converter MAX3232)
• Configurable baud rate
• SMA connector with GSM L Type Antenna.
• Built in SIM Card holder.
• Built in Network Status LED
• Inbuilt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for internet data transfer over GPRS.
• Normal operation temperature: -20 °C to +55 °C
• Input Voltage: 5V-12V DC

4. DC Motor with driver(L293D):

L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The L293D is a Dual Full Bridge driver that can drive up to 1 Amp per bridge with supply voltage up to 24V

Two H bridges of L293D can be connected in parallel to increase its current capacity to 2 Amp. Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively. Technical Specification: Power Supply: Over FRC connector 5V DC External Power 9V to 24V DC Temperature Range: 0°C to +70 °C

5. LCD display:

20X4 lines display 5X7 dot matrix display 4 bit data interface

6. Power supply unit:

Specifications: 12 V, 2A

FLOW CHART

 

ADVANTAGES

• RFID system does not need Line Of Sight (LOS) unlike bar-codes or image processing based system. Thus it can be installed inside the car from where it is not visible, which saves tampering with the process in case of theft.
• As in [1], the cars need to be at a specified position for the system to scan the number plate which is not required in RFID based system. Also, the number plates can easily be exchanged which has no way to get detected.
• High speed passage of car is possible (55 mph or 86 kmph).
• Wastage of fuel is substantially reduced.
• Traffic jams are avoided to a great extent.
• Security is an added advantage - The location of a stolen car can be notified to the concerned owner through the GSM module.
• The owner will also be informed about the amount deducted and the remaining balance which will help him to maintain a sufficient balance in his account.

CONCLUSION

We can reduce the prevalent problem of skipping the payment of toll at toll plazas because of automatic deduction and enhance the security of the vehicle due to GSM interfacing. The long queues at the toll plaza and need for human intervention is reduced greatly. This system will ensure a smoother and safer journey for the passengers.

FUTURE SCOPE

In addition to the current work, image processing can be combined with the RFID system to make the system more reliable and secure. By combining the positives of the two we can eliminate any possible discrepancies in the system. Internet banking as well as SMS banking can be used for recharging the account of the user to make it convenient.

REFERENCES

www.silicontechnolabs.in

[1] Priyanka Chhoriya, “Image Processing Based Automatic Toll Booth in Indian Conditions” http://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume3Issue 4/IJETA E_0413_71.pdf

[2] Shilpa Mahajan, “Microcontroller Based Automatic Toll Collection System” http://www.ripublication.com/irph/ijict_spl/09_ijict v3n8spl.pdf

[3] Aung Myint Win, “RFID Based Automated Toll Plaza System” http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper- 0614/ijsrp-p3009.pdf

[4] Khadijah Kamarulazizi “ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM USING PASSIVE RFID” TECHNOLOGY http://www.jatit.org/volumes/researc h- papers/Vol22No2/1Vol22No2.pdf

[5] Sachin Bhosale, “AUTOMATED TOLLPLAZA SYSTEM USING RFID” http://ijsetr.org/wp content/uploads/2013/07/IJSETR-VOL-2-ISSUE-2- 455-460.pdf

[6] Vinay Kumar Bachu, “RFID Based Toll Plaza” http://www.ijert.org/view.php?id=5567&title=rfid-based-toll-plaza

[7] Simple toll plaza system using low frequency RFID interfaced with 8051 microcontroller (AT89C51) http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/805 1projects/simple-toll-plaza-rfid-interface-at89c51- circuit

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM USING MATLAB

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM USING MATLAB

ABSTRACT

This paper presents transient stability assessment of multi-machine system with the help of Simulink based model. Transient stability of power system is based on the generator relative rotor angles obtained from time domain simulation outputs. A self-sufficient model of IEEE nine bus system has been given with full detail and transient stability analysis is done by considering three phase fault at a bus with different fault clearing time (FTC) and the results are found to be more accurate and quiet satisfactory as compared to models simulated in PSPICE and other electromagnetic transient program.

Keywords:- MATLAB, Simulink, FCT, transient stability.

INTRODUCTION

Modern electric power systems have grown to a large complexity due to interconnections, installation of large generating units and extra high voltage tie-lines etc. Due to increased operations which may cause power system to be highly stressed condition, the need for dynamic stability of power system is arising. Transient stability assessment (TSA) is part of dynamic security assessment of power system which evolves the evolution of the ability of power system to remain in equilibrium when subjected to disturbances. The system response to such disturbances involves large variation of rotor angles, power flows bus voltages and other system variables. Transient stability is a condition that characterizes the dynamics of power system subjected to a fault, the initial state preceding the fault is balanced one. A system is said to possess transient stability if after the fault it is capable of maintaining synchronous operation and returning to initial state or close to it. The transient stability is a function of both operating condition and the disturbance. This makes the transient stability analysis complicated as the nonlinear ties of the system cannot be ignored. In stability assessment the critical clearing time (CCT) is a very important parameter in order maintain the stability of power system. The CCT is maximum time duration that a fault may occur in power system without loss of stability. Fault clearing time is set randomly. If the fault clearing time (FCT) is more than CCT then the relative rotor angles will go out of step and the system will lose stability. Methods normally employed to find out the TSA are by using time domain simulations, direct and artificial intelligence methods. Time domain simulation method is implemented by solving the state space differential methods. Simulink is an interactive environment for modeling and simulating a wide variety of dynamic systems. A system is built easily using blocks and results can be displayed quickly. Simulink is used for studying the effects of non-linearity of the system and thus is an ideal research tool. Use of Simulink is growing rapidly for research work in the area of power system and also in the other areas. In this paper multi machine nine bus system is modeled in Matlab/simulink and transient stability analysis is done with the fault located in a bus.

SYSTEM MODELING

The system used is IEEE 9 bus system with three generators, six transmission lines, three load buses and three transformers is shown in Fig 1. The base MVA is 100 and the system frequency is 60 Hz. The system data is given in Appendix 1.The fault is occurring near bus 7 and fault is cleared by opening line 5-7.Fault clearing time is set randomly. The complete system is modeled in Simulink with the mathematical equations. All the buses except the machine buses are eliminated and multi-port representations of the internal nodes of the generators are obtained. Using the self and transfer admittance parameters of reduced electrical network electric power output of the generators can be obtained. The program to obtain the reduced admittance matrix is given in Appendix. The admittance matrix Ybus,mod is augmented by including the transient reactance of the generators. Let Ybus,mod after inclusion of load impedances be partitioned as

(1)

Where sub matrix Y1 is of order m×m and corresponds to the buses where generators are connected and Y2 , Y3 and Y4 are the other sub matrices. Then the augmented bus admittance matrix Ybus,aug with ground as reference would be represented as

(2)

The matrix is reduced by applying Kron’s reduction formula eliminating all buses expect the generator buses. For symmetrical three phase to ground at bus k the row and column corresponding to bus k are set to zero before applying network reduction. In stability analysis three reduced matrices are required to be computed pre-fault, during fault and the post fault in power system.

 

Fig. 1 WSCC 3-machine 9 bus system

The generator electric power output for each machine is computed by following equation

 (3)

Where

The equation of the motion are given by

(5)

And

(6)

It is noted that prior to the fault (t=0) Pmi0 = Pei0 The subscript 0 is used to indicate the pre transient conditions.

As the network changes due to fault, the corresponding values will be changed in the above equation.

SIMULINK MODELS

The complete three generator system shown in Fig.1 has been simulated as single integral model in Simulink. Fig 2 shows the complete block diagram of the system for transient stability study. Subsystems 1 is meant to compute the electric power output of each generator. The model also facilitates the choice of simulation parameters like start time, stop time, solver etc.

 

Fig.2 Complete system Model for Transient stability Analysis

 

Fig.3 Simulink model for Computation of electric power output of generator 1

SIMULATION RESULTS

System Responses are given for different values of FCT. Fault is created near bus 7 and it is cleared at different clearing time by opening line 5-7. Fig 4 (a) and (b) shows the relative angular positions of the generators taking generator one as reference and individuals angles of each generator. Fig(c) and (d) shows the accerlating powers and angular velocities of each generator for the FCT equal to 0.1sec Fig shows that the rotors angles are in synchronism with each other making the system stable when the fault clearing time is 0.1sec.As the FCT increases the system will move towards instability as the FCT will become greater that the CCT. When the FCT in 0.3 sec. the system is unstable. Fig 5(a)-(d) shows the accerlating powers, Relative angular positions and angular velocities of the generators and Fig 5(b) shows as the fault clearing time is increased the rotor angles of the generators go out of synchronism and the system is losing stability.

(Fault cleared at 0.1s)

 

(a) Relative angular positions of angles

(Fault cleared at 0.1s)

 

(b) Angular positions of individual generators

(Fault cleared at 0.1s)

 

(c) Generator accelerating Powers

(Fault cleared at 0.1s)

 

(d) Angular velocities of generators

Fig 4 (a) – (d)

(Fault cleared at 0.3sec)

 

(a) Accerlating power of generators

(Fault cleared at 0.3sec)

 

(b) Relative angular positions of generators

(Fault cleared at 0.3 sec)

 

(c) Angular velocities of individual generators

Fig 5(a)-(c)

Fig 6(a)-(b) shows the relative rotor angles and the accelerating powers of the generators. Fig 6(a) shows that the rotor angles synchronism making the system unstable.

(Fault cleared at 0.5sec)

 

(a) Relative angles in degree

(Fault cleared at 0.5sec)

 

(c) Accerlating powers of the generators

Fig.6 (a) - (b)

CONCLUSION

A complete model to study the transient behavior of Multi-machine system was developed using Simulink. It is basically a transfer function and block diagram representation of system equations. The system was simulated for different FCT and the results are highly satisfactory. A Simulink model is very user friendly and for transient stability analysis the model facilitates the fast and precise solution of nonlinear differential equation.

REFERENCES

[1] P.Kundur, Power system Stability and control, EPRI Power Sytem Engineering Series.

[2] I.J.Nagrath and D.P.Kothari, Power system Engineering

[3] Louis-A Dessaint et al., ‘Powe system simulation tool based on Simulink, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronica 1999, 1252- 1254

[4] P.M Anderson and A.A.Fouad, Power System Control and stability 1977

[5] M.Klein ,G.J.Rogers,P Kundur,”A fundamental Study of Inter –Area Oscillation in Power Systems,”IEEETranssactions on Power System.vol 6, No 3,August 1991

[6] L.Wang ,F Howell ,P.Kundur, C.Y.Ching and w.Xu, “a tool for small Signal assessment of Power Systems,” PICA 2110, Sydney, Australia, May 21-24,2001

[7] M.J.Gibbard,N. Martin, J.J Sanchez-Gasca, N.Uchida,V Vittal and L.Wang, “Recent Applications of Linear Analysis Techniques,” IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, Vol 16,No 1 February 2002

[8] M.Randhawa,B.Sapkota, V. Vitt al,S.Kolluri and S.Mondal,”Voltage stability assessment for Large Power Systems,”proc. 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.